Definitions & Meanings - English Dictionary

con|stel|la|tion / k'ɒnstəl'eɪʃ ə n / (constellations) [N-COUNT] A constellation is a group of stars which form a pattern and have a name. ...a planet orbiting a star in the constellation of Cepheus.

con|ster|na|tion / k'ɒnstə r n'eɪʃ ə n / [N-UNCOUNT] Consternation is a feeling of anxiety or fear. (FORMAL) His decision caused consternation in the art photography community... = dismay

con|sti|pat|ed / k'ɒnstɪpeɪtɪd / [ADJ] usu v-link ADJ Someone who is constipated has difficulty in getting rid of solid waste from their body.

con|sti|pa|tion / k'ɒnstɪp'eɪʃ ə n / [N-UNCOUNT] Constipation is a medical condition which causes people to have difficulty getting rid of solid waste from their body.

con|stitu|en|cy / kənst'ɪtʃuənsi / (constituencies) 1 [N-COUNT] A constituency is an area for which someone is elected as the representative in a parliament or government. 2 [N-COUNT] usu with supp A particular constituency is a section of society that may give political support to a particular party or politician. In France, farmers are a powerful political constituency.

con|stitu|ent / kənst'ɪtʃuənt / (constituents) 1 [N-COUNT] A constituent is someone who lives in a particular constituency, especially someone who is able to vote in an election. 2 [N-COUNT] usu N of n A constituent of a mixture, substance, or system is one of the things from which it is formed. Caffeine is the active constituent of drinks such as tea and coffee. 3 [ADJ] ADJ n The constituent parts of something are the things from which it is formed. (FORMAL) ...a plan to split the company into its constituent parts and sell them separately. con|stitu|ent as|sem|bly (constituent assemblies) [N-COUNT] A constituent assembly is a body of representatives that is elected to create or change their country's constitution.

con|sti|tute / k'ɒnstɪtjuːt, AM -tuːt / (constitutes constituting constituted) 1 [V-LINK] no cont, V n If something constitutes a particular thing, it can be regarded as being that thing. Testing patients without their consent would constitute a professional and legal offence... 2 [V-LINK] no cont, V n If a number of things or people constitute something, they are the parts or members that form it. Volunteers constitute more than 95% of The Center's work force. = comprise 3 [VERB] usu passive, be V-ed, V-ed When something such as a committee or government is constituted , it is formally established and given authority to operate. (FORMAL) On 6 July a People's Revolutionary Government was constituted... The accused will appear before a specially constituted military tribunal. = set up

♦ con|sti|tu|tion / k'ɒnstɪtj'uːʃ ə n, AM -t'uː- / (constitutions) 1 [N-COUNT] The constitution of a country or organization is the system of laws which formally states people's rights and duties. The club's constitution prevented women from becoming full members. 2 [N-COUNT] usu sing Your constitution is your health. He must have an extremely strong constitution...

♦ con|sti|tu|tion|al / k'ɒnstɪtj'uːʃən ə l, AM -t'uː- / [ADJ] usu ADJ n Constitutional means relating to the constitution of a particular country or organization. Political leaders are making no progress in their efforts to resolve the country's constitutional crisis...

con|sti|tu|tion|al|ity / k'ɒnstɪtjuːʃən'ælɪti, AM -tuː- / [N-UNCOUNT] usu the N of n In a particular political system, the constitutionality of a law or action is the fact that it is allowed by the constitution. (FORMAL) They plan to challenge the constitutionality of the law.

con|strain / kənstr'eɪn / (constrains constraining constrained) 1 [VERB] be V-ed To constrain someone or something means to limit their development or force them to behave in a particular way. (FORMAL) Women are too often constrained by family commitments and by low expectations... 2 [PHRASE] V inflects, PHR to-inf If you feel constrained to do something, you feel that you must do it, even though you would prefer not to. For some reason he felt constrained to lower his voice.

con|straint / kənstr'eɪnt / (constraints) 1 [N-COUNT] oft adj N, N on n A constraint is something that limits or controls what you can do. Their decision to abandon the trip was made because of financial constraints... 2 [N-UNCOUNT] Constraint is control over the way you behave which prevents you from doing what you want to do. = restraint

con|strict / kənstr'ɪkt / (constricts constricting constricted) 1 [VERB] V n, V If a part of your body, especially your throat, is constricted or if it constricts , something causes it to become narrower. Severe migraine can be treated with a drug which constricts the blood vessels... My throat constricted, so that I had to concentrate on breathing. 2 [VERB] V n If something constricts you, it limits your actions so that you cannot do what you want to do. She objects to the tests the Government's advisers have devised because they constrict her teaching style... = limit

con|stric|tion / kənstr'ɪkʃ ə n / (constrictions) [N-COUNT] usu pl Constrictions are rules or factors which limit what you can do and prevent you from doing what you want to do. I hated the constrictions of school. see also constrict = restriction

boa con|stric|tor (boa constrictors) [N-COUNT] A boa constrictor is a large snake that kills animals by wrapping itself round their bodies and squeezing them to death. Boa constrictors are found mainly in South and Central America and the West Indies.

con|struct / kənstr'ʌkt / (constructs constructing constructed) 1 [VERB] V n, be V-ed from/of/out of n, V-ed If you construct something such as a building, road, or machine, you build it or make it. The French constructed a series of fortresses from Dunkirk on the Channel coast to Douai... The boxes should be constructed from rough-sawn timber... They thought he had escaped through a specially constructed tunnel. = build 2 [VERB] V n, be V-ed from/out of n, V-ed If you construct something such as an idea, a piece of writing, or a system, you create it by putting different parts together. He eventually constructed a business empire which ran to Thailand and Singapore... The novel is constructed from a series of on-the-spot reports. ...using carefully constructed tests. = create

♦ con|struc|tion / kənstr'ʌkʃ ə n / (constructions) 1 [N-UNCOUNT] Construction is the building of things such as houses, factories, roads, and bridges. He'd already started construction on a hunting lodge. ...the only nuclear power station under construction in Britain. ...the downturn in the construction industry... ≠ demolition 2 [N-UNCOUNT] with supp The construction of something such as a vehicle or machine is the making of it. ...companies who have long experience in the construction of those types of equipment... With the exception of teak, this is the finest wood for boat construction. 3 [N-UNCOUNT] with poss The construction of something such as a system is the creation of it. ...the construction of a just system of criminal justice. = creation 4 [N-COUNT] usu supp N You can refer to an object that has been built or made as a construction . The British pavilion is an impressive steel and glass construction the size of Westmin...

con|struc|tive / kənstr'ʌktɪv / [ADJ] A constructive discussion, comment, or approach is useful and helpful rather than negative and unhelpful. She welcomes constructive criticism... After their meeting, both men described the talks as frank, friendly and constructive... = positive ≠ negative con|struc|tive dis|mis|sal [N-UNCOUNT] If an employee claims constructive dismissal , they begin a legal action against their employer in which they claim that they were forced to leave their job because of the behaviour of their employer. (BUSINESS) The woman claims she was the victim of constructive dismissal after being demoted.

con|struc|tor / kənstr'ʌktə r / (constructors) [N-COUNT] A racing car constructor or aircraft constructor is a company that builds cars or aircraft.

con|strue / kənstr'uː / (construes construing construed) [VERB] be V-ed as n, V n as n, V n prep/adv If something is construed in a particular way, its nature or meaning is interpreted in that way. (FORMAL) What may seem helpful behaviour to you can be construed as interference by others... He may construe the approach as a hostile act... We are taught to construe these terms in a particular way.

con|sul / k'ɒns ə l / (consuls) [N-COUNT] oft supp N; N-TITLE A consul is an official who is sent by his or her government to live in a foreign city in order to look after all the people there that belong to his or her own country.

con|su|lar / k'ɒnsjʊlə r , AM -sə- / [ADJ] ADJ n Consular means involving or relating to a consul or the work of a consul. If you need to return to the UK quickly, British Consular officials may be able to arrange it.

con|su|late / k'ɒnsjʊlət, AM -sə- / (consulates) [N-COUNT] oft supp N A consulate is the place where a consul works. They managed to make contact with the British consulate in Lyons.

♦ con|sult / kəns'ʌlt / (consults consulting consulted) 1 [VERB] V n prep wh/wh-to-inf, V with n, V n If you consult an expert or someone senior to you or consult with them, you ask them for their opinion and advice about what you should do or their permission to do something. Consult your doctor about how much exercise you should attempt... He needed to consult with an attorney... If you are in any doubt, consult a financial adviser. 2 [V-RECIP] V with n, V n, pl-n V If a person or group of people consults with other people or consults them, they talk and exchange ideas and opinions about what they might decide to do. After consulting with her daughter and manager she decided to take on the part, on her terms... The two countries will have to consult their allies... The umpires consulted quickly. 3 [VERB] V n If you consult a book or a map, you look in it or look at it in order to find some information. Consult the chart on page 44 for the ...

con|sul|tan|cy / kəns'ʌltənsi / (consultancies) 1 [N-COUNT] A consultancy is a company that gives expert advice on a particular subject. A survey of 57 hospitals by Newchurch, a consultancy, reveals striking improvements. 2 [N-UNCOUNT] oft N n Consultancy is expert advice on a particular subject which a person or group is paid to provide to a company or organization. The project provides both consultancy and training.

♦ con|sult|ant / kəns'ʌltənt / (consultants) 1 [N-COUNT] oft N n A consultant is an experienced doctor with a high position, who specializes in one area of medicine. (mainly BRIT; in AM, usually use specialist ) Shirley's brother is now a consultant heart surgeon in Sweden. 2 [N-COUNT] oft N to n, supp N A consultant is a person who gives expert advice to a person or organization on a particular subject. ...a team of management consultants sent in to reorganise the department. fi|nan|cial con|sult|ant (financial consultants) [N-COUNT] A financial consultant is the same as a financial adviser . (BUSINESS) man|age|ment con|sult|ant (management consultants) [N-COUNT] A management consultant is someone whose job is to advise companies on the most efficient ways to run their business. (BUSINESS) ...a leading firm of management consultants. re|cruit|ment con|sult|ant (recruitment consultants) [N-COUNT] A recruitment consultant is a person or servi...

con|sul|ta|tion / k'ɒnsəlt'eɪʃ ə n / (consultations) 1 [N-VAR] A consultation is a meeting which is held to discuss something. Consultation is discussion about something. Next week he'll be in Florida for consultations with President Mitterrand... The plans were drawn up in consultation with the World Health Organisation... 2 [N-VAR] A consultation with a doctor or other expert is a meeting with them to discuss a particular problem and get their advice. Consultation is the process of getting advice from a doctor or other expert. (mainly BRIT) A personal diet plan is devised after a consultation with a nutritionist. 3 [N-COUNT] A consultation is a meeting where several doctors discuss a patient and his or her condition and treatment. (AM) 4 [N-UNCOUNT] Consultation of a book or other source of information is looking at it in order to find out certain facts. With such excellent studies available for consultation, it should be easy to avoid ...

con|sul|ta|tive / kəns'ʌltətɪv / [ADJ] usu ADJ n A consultative committee or document gives advice or makes proposals about a particular problem or subject. ...the consultative committee on local government finance. = advisory

con|sult|ing room (consulting rooms) [N-COUNT] A doctor's or therapist's consulting room is the room in which they see their patients. (BRIT; in AM, use doctor's office )

con|sum|able / kənsj'uːməb ə l, AM -s'uː- / (consumables) [ADJ] usu ADJ n Consumable goods are items which are intended to be bought, used, and then replaced. ...demand for consumable articles. [N-COUNT] usu pl Consumable is also a noun. Suppliers add computer consumables, office equipment and furniture to their product range.

con|sume / kənsj'uːm, AM -s'uːm / (consumes consuming consumed) 1 [VERB] V n If you consume something, you eat or drink it. (FORMAL) Many people experienced a drop in their cholesterol levels when they consumed oat bran. 2 [VERB] V n To consume an amount of fuel, energy, or time means to use it up. Some of the most efficient refrigerators consume 70 percent less electricity than traditional models. 3 [VERB] V n If a feeling or idea consumes you, it affects you very strongly indeed. The memories consumed him. 4 see also consumed , consuming

con|sumed / kənsj'uːmd, AM -s'uːmd / [ADJ] v-link ADJ with/by n If you are consumed with a feeling or idea, it affects you very strongly indeed. (LITERARY) They are consumed with jealousy at her success. = eaten up

♦♦ con|sum|er / kənsj'uːmə r , AM -s'uː- / (consumers) [N-COUNT] oft N n A consumer is a person who buys things or uses services. ...improving public services and consumer rights. con|sum|er cred|it [N-UNCOUNT] Consumer credit is money that is lent to people by organizations such as banks, building societies, and shops so that they can buy things. New consumer credit fell to $3.7 billion in August. con|sum|er du|rable (consumer durables) [N-COUNT] usu pl Consumer durables are goods which are expected to last a long time, and are bought infrequently. (BRIT; in AM, use durable goods ) con|sum|er goods [N-PLURAL] Consumer goods are items bought by people for their own use, rather than by businesses. Compare capital goods . con|sum|er so|ci|ety (consumer societies) [N-COUNT] usu sing You can use consumer society to refer to a society where people think that spending money on goods and services is very important.

con|sum|er|ism / kənsj'uːmərɪzəm, AM -s'uː- / 1 [N-UNCOUNT] oft supp N Consumerism is the belief that it is good to buy and use a lot of goods. They have clearly embraced Western consumerism. 2 [N-UNCOUNT] Consumerism is the protection of the rights and interests of consumers.

con|sum|ing / kənsj'uːmɪŋ, AM -s'uː- / [ADJ] usu ADJ n A consuming passion or interest is more important to you than anything else. He has developed a consuming passion for chess. see also consume , time-consuming

con|sum|mate / k'ɒnsəmeɪt / (consummates consummating consummated) 1 [ADJ] usu ADJ n You use consummate to describe someone who is extremely skilful. (FORMAL) He acted the part with consummate skill... Those familiar with Sanders call him a consummate politician. 2 [VERB] V n If two people consummate a marriage or relationship, they make it complete by having sex. (FORMAL) They consummated their passion only after many hesitations and delays.

con|sump|tion / kəns'ʌmpʃ ə n / 1 [N-UNCOUNT] with supp The consumption of fuel or natural resources is the amount of them that is used or the act of using them. The laws have led to a reduction in fuel consumption in the US. ...a tax on the consumption of non-renewable energy resources. 2 [N-UNCOUNT] usu with supp The consumption of food or drink is the act of eating or drinking something, or the amount that is eaten or drunk. (FORMAL) Most of the wine was unfit for human consumption... The average daily consumption of fruit and vegetables is around 200 grams... 3 [N-UNCOUNT] Consumption is the act of buying and using things. Recycling the waste from our increased consumption is better than burning it. 4 see also conspicuous consumption con|spicu|ous con|sump|tion [N-UNCOUNT] Conspicuous consumption means spending your money in such a way that other people can see how wealthy you are. It was an age of conspicuous consumption-those who had m...

con|sump|tive / kəns'ʌmptɪv / [ADJ] usu ADJ n A consumptive person suffers from tuberculosis . (OLD-FASHIONED)

♦♦ con|tact / k'ɒntækt / (contacts contacting contacted) 1 [N-UNCOUNT] also N in pl, oft N with/between n Contact involves meeting or communicating with someone, especially regularly. Opposition leaders are denying any contact with the government in Kabul... He forbade contacts between directors and executives outside his presence. 2 [PHRASE] usu v-link PHR, oft PHR with n If you are in contact with someone, you regularly meet them or communicate with them. He was in direct contact with the kidnappers... We do keep in contact. 3 [VERB] V n, V n If you contact someone, you telephone them, write to them, or go to see them in order to tell or ask them something. Contact the Tourist Information Bureau for further details... When she first contacted me Frances was upset. 4 [ADJ] ADJ n Your contact details or number are information such as a telephone number where you can be contacted. You must leave your full name and contact details when you p...

con|ta|gion / kənt'eɪdʒ ə n / [N-UNCOUNT] Contagion is the spreading of a particular disease by someone touching another person who is already affected by the disease. They have been reluctant to admit AIDS patients, in part because of unfounded fears of contagion...

con|ta|gious / kənt'eɪdʒəs / 1 [ADJ] A disease that is contagious can be caught by touching people or things that are infected with it. Compare infectious . ...a highly contagious disease of the lungs. 2 [ADJ] usu v-link ADJ A feeling or attitude that is contagious spreads quickly among a group of people. Antonio has a contagious enthusiasm for the beautiful aspect of food. = infectious

♦♦ con|tain / kənt'eɪn / (contains containing contained) 1 [VERB] no cont, V n, V n, V n If something such as a box, bag, room, or place contains things, those things are inside it. The bag contained a Christmas card... Factory shops contain a wide range of cheap furnishings... The 77,000-acre estate contains five of the highest peaks in Scotland. 2 [VERB] no cont, V n If a substance contains something, that thing is a part of it. Many cars run on petrol which contains lead. 3 [VERB] no cont, V n, V n If writing, speech, or film contains particular information, ideas, or images, it includes them. This sheet contained a list of problems a patient might like to raise with the doctor... The two discs also contain two of Britten's lesser-known song-cycles. 4 [VERB] no cont, V n If a group or organization contains a certain number of people, those are the people that are in it. The committee contains 11 Democrats and nine Republicans. 5 [V...

con|tain|er / kənt'eɪnə r / (containers) 1 [N-COUNT] usu supp N A container is something such as a box or bottle that is used to hold or store things in. ...the plastic containers in which fish are stored and sold. 2 [N-COUNT] usu N of n A container is a very large metal or wooden box used for transporting goods so that they can be loaded easily onto ships and lorries. con|tain|er ship (container ships) [N-COUNT] A container ship is a ship that is designed for carrying goods that are packed in large metal or wooden boxes.

con|tain|ment / kənt'eɪnmənt / 1 [N-UNCOUNT] Containment is the action or policy of keeping another country's power or area of control within acceptable limits or boundaries. 2 [N-UNCOUNT] usu N of n The containment of something dangerous or unpleasant is the act or process of keeping it under control within a particular area or place. Fire crews are hoping they can achieve full containment of the fire before the winds pick up. = control

con|tami|nant / kənt'æmɪnənt / (contaminants) [N-COUNT] usu pl A contaminant is something that contaminates a substance such as water or food. (FORMAL) Contaminants found in poultry will also be found in their eggs...

con|tami|nate / kənt'æmɪneɪt / (contaminates contaminating contaminated) [VERB] be V-ed, V-ed If something is contaminated by dirt, chemicals, or radiation, they make it dirty or harmful. Have any fish been contaminated in the Arctic Ocean? ...vast tracts of empty land, much of it contaminated by years of army activity. ● contaminated [ADJ] Nuclear weapons plants across the country are heavily contaminated with toxic wastes... More than 100,000 people could fall ill after drinking contaminated water. ● contamination [N-UNCOUNT] usu with supp The contamination of the sea around Capri may be just the beginning.

con|tem|plate / k'ɒntəmpleɪt / (contemplates contemplating contemplated) 1 [VERB] V n/-ing, V n/-ing If you contemplate an action, you think about whether to do it or not. For a time he contemplated a career as an army medical doctor... She contemplates leaving for the sake of the kids. = consider 2 [VERB] V n If you contemplate an idea or subject, you think about it carefully for a long time. As he lay in his hospital bed that night, he cried as he contemplated his future... ● contemplation [N-UNCOUNT] It is a place of quiet contemplation. 3 [VERB] V n If you contemplate something or someone, you look at them for a long time. He contemplated his hands, still frowning. ● contemplation [N-UNCOUNT] oft N of n He was lost in the contemplation of the landscape for a while.

con|tem|pla|tive / kənt'emplətɪv / [ADJ] Someone who is contemplative thinks deeply, or is thinking in a serious and calm way. Martin is a quiet, contemplative sort of chap...

con|tem|po|ra|neous / kənt'empər'eɪniəs / [ADJ] If two events or situations are contemporaneous , they happen or exist during the same period of time. (FORMAL) ...the contemporaneous development of a separate and quite recognisable Scottish school of art.

♦ con|tem|po|rary / kənt'empərəri, AM -pəreri / (contemporaries) 1 [ADJ] usu ADJ n Contemporary things are modern and relate to the present time. She writes a lot of contemporary music for people like Whitney Houston... Only the names are ancient; the characters are modern and contemporary. 2 [ADJ] usu ADJ n Contemporary people or things were alive or happened at the same time as something else you are talking about. ...drawing upon official records and the reports of contemporary witnesses. 3 [N-COUNT] usu pl, poss N Someone's contemporary is a person who is or was alive at the same time as them. Like most of my contemporaries, I grew up in a vastly different world.

con|tempt / kənt'empt / 1 [N-UNCOUNT] oft N for n If you have contempt for someone or something, you have no respect for them or think that they are unimportant. He has contempt for those beyond his immediate family circle... I hope voters will treat his advice with the contempt it deserves. 2 [PHRASE] V inflects If you hold someone or something in contempt , you feel contempt for them. Small wonder that many voters hold their politicians in contempt. familiarity breeds contempt: see familiarity con|tempt of court [N-UNCOUNT] Contempt of court is the criminal offence of disobeying an instruction from a judge or a court of law. (LEGAL) He faced imprisonment for contempt of court. = contempt

con|tempt|ible / kənt'emptɪb ə l / [ADJ] If you feel that someone or something is contemptible , you feel strong dislike and disrespect for them. (FORMAL) ...this contemptible act of violence. = despicable

con|temp|tu|ous / kənt'emptʃuəs / [ADJ] usu v-link ADJ, oft ADJ of n If you are contemptuous of someone or something, you do not like or respect them at all. He's openly contemptuous of all the major political parties... She gave a contemptuous little laugh.

con|tend / kənt'end / (contends contending contended) 1 [VERB] V with n, V with n If you have to contend with a problem or difficulty, you have to deal with it or overcome it. It is time, once again, to contend with racism... American businesses could soon have a new kind of lawsuit to contend with. 2 [VERB] V that If you contend that something is true, you state or argue that it is true. (FORMAL) The government contends that he is fundamentalist... 3 [V-RECIP] pl-n V for n, V with n, V-ing If you contend with someone for something such as power, you compete with them to try to get it. ...the two main groups contending for power. ...with 10 UK construction yards contending with rivals from Norway, Holland, Italy and Spain. ...a binding political settlement between the contending parties.

con|tend|er / kənt'endə r / (contenders) [N-COUNT] usu with supp, oft N for/in n A contender is someone who takes part in a competition. (JOURNALISM) Her trainer said yesterday that she would be a strong contender for a place in Britain's Olympic squad...

con|tent pro|vid|er (content providers) [N-COUNT] A content provider is a company that supplies material such as text, music, or images for use on websites. (COMPUTING) ...content providers such as MSN and Freeserve. ♦ con|tent 1 / k'ɒntent / (content contents) NOUN USES 1 [N-PLURAL] usu with supp, oft N of n The contents of a container such as a bottle, box, or room are the things that are inside it. Empty the contents of the pan into the sieve... Sandon Hall and its contents will be auctioned by Sotheby's on October 6. 2 [N-UNCOUNT] also N in pl, usu N of n If you refer to the content or contents of something such as a book, speech, or television programme, you are referring to the subject that it deals with, the story that it tells, or the ideas that it expresses. She is reluctant to discuss the content of the play... The letter's contents were not disclosed. 3 [N-PLURAL] The contents of a book are its different chapters and sections...

con|tent|ed / kənt'entɪd / [ADJ] If you are contented , you are satisfied with your life or the situation you are in. Whenever he returns to this place he is happy and contented... She was gazing at him with a soft, contented smile on her face.

con|ten|tion / kənt'enʃ ə n / (contentions) 1 [N-COUNT] usu poss N Someone's contention is the idea or opinion that they are expressing in an argument or discussion. This evidence supports their contention that the outbreak of violence was prearranged. = claim 2 [N-UNCOUNT] usu n of N If something is a cause of contention , it is a cause of disagreement or argument. A particular source of contention is plans to privatise state-run companies. see also bone of contention 3 [PHRASE] v-link PHR If you are in contention in a contest, you have a chance of winning it. He was in contention for a place in the European championship squad. bone of con|ten|tion (bones of contention) [N-COUNT] If a particular matter or issue is a bone of contention , it is the subject of a disagreement or argument. The main bone of contention is the temperature level of the air-conditioners.

con|ten|tious / kənt'enʃəs / [ADJ] A contentious issue causes a lot of disagreement or arguments. (FORMAL) Sanctions are expected to be among the most contentious issues. ...a country where land prices are politically contentious. = controversial

con|tent|ment / kənt'entmənt / [N-UNCOUNT] Contentment is a feeling of quiet happiness and satisfaction. I cannot describe the feeling of contentment that was with me at that time. ≠ discontent

♦ con|test (contests contesting contested) The noun is pronounced / k'ɒntest / The verb is pronounced / kənt'est / 1 [N-COUNT] A contest is a competition or game in which people try to win. Few contests in the recent history of British boxing have been as thrilling. ...a writing contest. see also beauty contest 2 [N-COUNT] A contest is a struggle to win power or control. The state election due in November will be the last such ballot before next year's presidential contest... ...a clear contest between church and state. 3 [VERB] V n, V-ed If someone contests an election or competition, they take part in it and try to win it. (mainly BRIT) He quickly won his party's nomination to contest the elections. ...a closely contested regional flower show. 4 [VERB] V n, V-ed If you contest a statement or decision, you object to it formally because you think it is wrong or unreasonable. Your former employer has to reply within 14 days in...

con|test|ant / kənt'estənt / (contestants) [N-COUNT] A contestant in a competition or quiz is a person who takes part in it. = competitor

♦ con|text / k'ɒntekst / (contexts) 1 [N-VAR] usu with supp, oft adj N, N of n The context of an idea or event is the general situation that relates to it, and which helps it to be understood. We are doing this work in the context of reforms in the economic, social and cultural spheres. ...the historical context in which Chaucer wrote... 2 [N-VAR] The context of a word, sentence, or text consists of the words, sentences, or text before and after it which help to make its meaning clear. Without a context, I would have assumed it was written by a man. 3 [PHRASE] If something is seen in context or if it is put into context , it is considered together with all the factors that relate to it. Taxation is not popular in principle, merely acceptable in context... It is important that we put Jesus into the context of history. 4 [PHRASE] If a statement or remark is quoted out of context , the circumstances in which it was said are not correctly reported, ...

con|tex|tual / kənt'ekstʃuəl / [ADJ] usu ADJ n A contextual issue or account relates to the context of something. (FORMAL) The writer builds up a clever contextual picture of upper class life.

con|tigu|ous / kənt'ɪgjuəs / [ADJ] oft ADJ to/with n Things that are contiguous are next to each other or touch each other. (FORMAL) Its vineyards are virtually contiguous with those of Ausone. ...two years of travel throughout the 48 contiguous states. = adjacent, adjoining

♦ con|ti|nent / k'ɒntɪnənt / (continents) 1 [N-COUNT] A continent is a very large area of land, such as Africa or Asia, that consists of several countries. She loved the African continent... Dinosaurs evolved when most continents were joined in a single land mass. 2 [N-PROPER] the N People sometimes use the Continent to refer to the continent of Europe except for Britain. (mainly BRIT) Its shops are among the most stylish on the Continent.

con|ti|nen|tal / k'ɒntɪn'ent ə l / (continentals) 1 [ADJ] ADJ n Continental means situated on or belonging to the continent of Europe except for Britain. (mainly BRIT) He sees no signs of improvement in the UK and continental economy. 2 [N-COUNT] usu pl A continental is someone who comes from the continent of Europe. (BRIT INFORMAL) 3 [ADJ] usu v-link ADJ If you describe someone or something as continental , you think that they are typical of the continent of Europe. (BRIT INFORMAL) 4 [ADJ] ADJ n Continental is used to refer to something that belongs to or relates to a continent. The most ancient parts of the continental crust are 4000 million years old. 5 [ADJ] usu ADJ n The continental United States consists of all the states which are situated on the continent of North America, as opposed to Hawaii and territories such as the Virgin Islands. (mainly AM) Shipping is included on orders sent within the continental U.S. 6 [ADJ] usu ADJ n Co...

con|tin|gen|cy / kənt'ɪndʒ ə nsi / (contingencies) 1 [N-VAR] A contingency is something that might happen in the future. (FORMAL) I need to examine all possible contingencies. = possibility, eventuality 2 [ADJ] ADJ n A contingency plan or measure is one that is intended to be used if a possible situation actually occurs. (FORMAL) We have contingency plans.

con|tin|gent / kənt'ɪndʒ ə nt / (contingents) 1 [N-COUNT] usu with supp, oft N of n A contingent of police, soldiers, or military vehicles is a group of them. (FORMAL) There were contingents from the navies of virtually all EU countries. 2 [N-COUNT] usu with supp, oft adj N A contingent is a group of people representing a country or organization at a meeting or other event. (FORMAL) The strong British contingent suffered mixed fortunes... 3 [ADJ] usu ADJ on/upon n/-ing If something is contingent on something else, the first thing depends on the second in order to happen or exist. (FORMAL) In effect, growth is contingent on improved incomes for the mass of the low-income population. = dependent

con|tin|ual / kənt'ɪnjuəl / 1 [ADJ] ADJ n A continual process or situation happens or exists without stopping. The school has been in continual use since 1883... Despite continual pain, he refused all drugs. = continuous ● continually [ADV] usu ADV with v She cried almost continually and threw temper tantrums... = continuously 2 [ADJ] ADJ n Continual events happen again and again. ...the government's continual demands for cash to finance its chronic deficit... She suffered continual police harassment. ● continually [ADV] usu ADV with v Malcolm was continually changing his mind...

con|tinu|ance / kənt'ɪnjuəns / [N-UNCOUNT] usu with poss The continuance of something is its continuation. (FORMAL) ...thus ensuring the continuance of the human species. = continuation

con|tinu|ation / kənt'ɪnju'eɪʃ ə n / (continuations) 1 [N-VAR] usu with poss The continuation of something is the fact that it continues, rather than stopping. It's the coalition forces who are to blame for the continuation of the war... 2 [N-COUNT] usu sing, N of n Something that is a continuation of something else is closely connected with it or forms part of it. It would just be a continuation of previous visits he has made to Israel.

♦♦♦ con|tinue / kənt'ɪnjuː / (continues continuing continued) 1 [VERB] V to-inf, V to-inf, V -ing, V with n If someone or something continues to do something, they keep doing it and do not stop. I hope they continue to fight for equal justice after I'm gone... Interest rates continue to fall... They are determined to continue working when they reach retirement age... There is no reason why you should not continue with any sport or activity you already enjoy. 2 [VERB] V, V n, V-ed If something continues or if you continue it, it does not stop happening. He insisted that the conflict would continue until conditions were met for a ceasefire... Outside the building people continue their vigil, huddling around bonfires. ...the continued existence of a species. 3 [VERB] V with n, V -ing If you continue with something, you start doing it again after a break or interruption. I went up to my room to continue with my packing... She looked up f...

con|tinu|ing edu|ca|tion [N-UNCOUNT] Continuing education is education for adults in a variety of subjects, most of which are practical, not academic.

con|ti|nu|ity / k'ɒntɪnj'uːɪti, AM -n'uː- / (continuities) 1 [N-VAR] Continuity is the fact that something continues to happen or exist, with no great changes or interruptions. An historical awareness also imparts a sense of continuity. ...a tank designed to ensure continuity of fuel supply during aerobatics. 2 [N-UNCOUNT] In film making, continuity is the way that things filmed at different times are made to look as if they were filmed at the same time or in the right sequence. (TECHNICAL) Walt and I referred to a video cassette of the original footage to check continuity and lighting. con|ti|nu|ity an|nounc|er (continuity announcers) [N-COUNT] A continuity announcer is someone who introduces the next programme on a radio or television station.

con|tinu|ous / kənt'ɪnjuəs / 1 [ADJ] usu ADJ n A continuous process or event continues for a period of time without stopping. Residents report that they heard continuous gunfire. ...all employees who had a record of five years' continuous employment with the firm... = unbroken ● continuously [ADV] usu ADV with v The civil war has raged almost continuously since 1976... It is the oldest continuously inhabited city in America. 2 [ADJ] usu ADJ n A continuous line or surface has no gaps or holes in it. ...a continuous line of boats. 3 [ADJ] In English grammar, continuous verb groups are formed using the auxiliary `be' and the present participle of a verb, as in `I'm feeling a bit tired' and `She had been watching them for some time'. Continuous verb groups are used especially when you are focusing on a particular moment. Compare simple . = progressive con|tinu|ous as|sess|ment [N-UNCOUNT] If pupils or students undergo continu...

con|tin|uum / kənt'ɪnjuəm / (continua / kənt'ɪnjuə /or continuums) [N-COUNT] usu sing A continuum is a set of things on a scale, which have a particular characteristic to different degrees. (FORMAL) These various complaints are part of a continuum of ill-health...

con|tort / kənt'ɔː r t / (contorts contorting contorted) [VERB] V, V n, V-ed If someone's face or body contorts or is contorted , it moves into an unnatural and unattractive shape or position. His face contorts as he screams out the lyrics... The gentlest of her caresses would contort his already tense body... Brenner was breathing hard, his face contorted with pain.

con|tor|tion / kənt'ɔː r ʃ ə n / (contortions) [N-COUNT] Contortions are movements of your body or face into unusual shapes or positions. I had to admire the contortions of the gymnasts.

con|tor|tion|ist / kənt'ɔː r ʃənɪst / (contortionists) [N-COUNT] A contortionist is someone who twists their body into strange and unnatural shapes and positions in order to entertain other people, for example in a circus.

con|tour / k'ɒntʊə r / (contours) 1 [N-COUNT] usu pl, usu with supp, oft N of n You can refer to the general shape or outline of an object as its contours . (LITERARY) ...the texture and colour of the skin, the contours of the body... 2 [N-COUNT] A contour on a map is a line joining points of equal height and indicating hills, valleys, and the steepness of slopes. ...a contour map showing two hills and this large mountain in the middle.

con|toured / k'ɒntʊə r d / [ADJ] ADJ n A contoured surface has curves and slopes on it, rather than being flat. ...the lush fairways and contoured greens of the course... Sophia settled into her comfortably contoured seat.

contra|band / k'ɒntrəbænd / [N-UNCOUNT] oft N n Contraband refers to goods that are taken into or out of a country illegally. Most of the city markets were flooded with contraband goods.

contra|cep|tion / k'ɒntrəs'epʃ ə n / [N-UNCOUNT] Contraception refers to methods of preventing pregnancy. Use a reliable method of contraception. = birth control

contra|cep|tive / k'ɒntrəs'eptɪv / (contraceptives) 1 [ADJ] ADJ n A contraceptive method or device is a method or a device which a woman uses to prevent herself from becoming pregnant. It was at that time she started taking the contraceptive pill. 2 [N-COUNT] A contraceptive is a device or drug that prevents a woman from becoming pregnant. ...oral contraceptives...

♦♦ con|tract (contracts contracting contracted) The noun is pronounced / k'ɒntrækt / The verb is pronounced / kəntr'ækt / 1 [N-COUNT] A contract is a legal agreement, usually between two companies or between an employer and employee, which involves doing work for a stated sum of money. The company won a prestigious contract for work on Europe's tallest building... He was given a seven-year contract with an annual salary of $150,000. 2 [VERB] V with n to-inf, V to-inf If you contract with someone to do something, you legally agree to do it for them or for them to do it for you. (FORMAL) You can contract with us to deliver your cargo... The Boston Museum of Fine Arts has already contracted to lease part of its collection to a museum in Japan. 3 [VERB] V, V n When something contracts or when something contracts it, it becomes smaller or shorter. Blood is only expelled from the heart when it contracts... New research shows that an excess of ...

con|trac|tion / kəntr'ækʃ ə n / (contractions) 1 [N-COUNT] When a woman who is about to give birth has contractions , she experiences a very strong, painful tightening of the muscles of her womb. 2 [N-COUNT] A contraction is a shortened form of a word or words. `It's' (with an apostrophe) should be used only as a contraction for `it is'. 3 see also contract

con|trac|tor / k'ɒntræktə r , kəntr'æk- / (contractors) [N-COUNT] oft n N A contractor is a person or company that does work for other people or organizations. (BUSINESS) ...a major US defense contractor.

con|trac|tual / kəntr'æktʃuəl / [ADJ] usu ADJ n A contractual arrangement or relationship involves a legal agreement between people. (FORMAL) The company has not fulfilled certain contractual obligations... ● contractually [ADV] usu ADV after v, ADV -ed/adj Rank was contractually obliged to hand him a cheque for $30 million.

contra|dict / k'ɒntrəd'ɪkt / (contradicts contradicting contradicted) 1 [VERB] V n, V n, V pron-refl If you contradict someone, you say that what they have just said is wrong, or suggest that it is wrong by saying something different. She dared not contradict him... His comments appeared to contradict remarks made earlier in the day by the chairman... He often talks in circles, frequently contradicting himself and often ends up saying nothing. 2 [VERB] V n If one statement or piece of evidence contradicts another, the first one makes the second one appear to be wrong. The result seems to contradict a major U.S. study reported last November.

contra|dic|tion / k'ɒntrəd'ɪkʃ ə n / (contradictions) [N-COUNT] oft N between pl-n, N of n If you describe an aspect of a situation as a contradiction , you mean that it is completely different from other aspects, and so makes the situation confused or difficult to understand. The performance seemed to me unpardonable, a contradiction of all that the Olympics is supposed to be... The militants see no contradiction in using violence to bring about a religious state.

contra|dic|tory / k'ɒntrəd'ɪktəri, AM -tɔːri / [ADJ] If two or more facts, ideas, or statements are contradictory , they state or imply that opposite things are true. Customs officials have made a series of contradictory statements about the equipment... ...advice that sometimes is contradictory and confusing.

contra|flow / k'ɒntrəfloʊ / (contraflows) [N-COUNT] A contraflow is a situation in which vehicles travelling on a main road in one direction have to use lanes that are normally used by traffic travelling in the opposite direction, because the road is being repaired. (BRIT) ...a contraflow between Junctions Eleven and Twelve of the M5.

contra|in|di|ca|tion / k'ɒntrəɪndɪk'eɪʃ ə n / (contraindications) also contra-indication [N-COUNT] usu pl Contraindications are specific medical reasons for not using a particular treatment for a medical condition in the usual way. (MEDICAL) Contraindications for this drug include liver or kidney impairment.

con|tral|to / kəntr'æltoʊ / (contraltos) [N-COUNT] oft N n A contralto is a woman with a low singing voice. The score calls for a contralto... I had a very low contralto voice.

con|trap|tion / kəntr'æpʃ ə n / (contraptions) [N-COUNT] You can refer to a device or machine as a contraption , especially when it looks strange or you do not know what it is used for. ...a strange contraption called the General Gordon Gas Bath. = gadget

con|tra|ry / k'ɒntrəri, AM -treri / 1 [ADJ] usu v-link ADJ to n Ideas, attitudes, or reactions that are contrary to each other are completely different from each other. This view is contrary to the aims of critical social research for a number of reasons... Several of those present, including Weinberger, had contrary information. 2 [PREP-PHRASE] If you say that something is true contrary to other people's beliefs or opinions, you are emphasizing that it is true and that they are wrong. Contrary to popular belief, moderate exercise actually decreases your appetite... 3 [PHRASE] PHR with cl You use on the contrary when you have just said or implied that something is not true and are going to say that the opposite is true. It is not an idea around which the Community can unite. On the contrary, I see it as one that will divide us. 4 [PHRASE] You can use on the contrary when you are disagreeing strongly with something that has just been said or im...

♦ con|trast (contrasts contrasting contrasted) The noun is pronounced / k'ɒntrɑːst /FONT>, -træst / The verb is pronounced / kəntr'ɑːst /FONT>, -tr'æst / 1 [N-VAR] oft N between pl-n A contrast is a great difference between two or more things which is clear when you compare them. ...the contrast between town and country... The two visitors provided a startling contrast in appearance... Silk was used with wool for contrast. 2 [PHRASE] PHR with cl You say by contrast or in contrast , or in contrast to something, to show that you are mentioning a very different situation from the one you have just mentioned. The private sector, by contrast, has plenty of money to spend... In contrast, the lives of girls in well-to-do families were often very sheltered... In contrast to similar services in France and Germany, Intercity rolling stock is very rarely idle. 3 [PHRASE] v-link PHR, usu PHR to n If one thing is in contrast to another, it is v...

contra|vene / k'ɒntrəv'iːn / (contravenes contravening contravened) [VERB] V n To contravene a law or rule means to do something that is forbidden by the law or rule. (FORMAL) The Board has banned the film on the grounds that it contravenes criminal libel laws... = break ● contravention [N-VAR] oft in N of n The government has lent millions of pounds to debt-ridden banks in contravention of local banking laws.

con|tre|temps / k'ɒntrətɒm / (contretemps) [N-COUNT] usu sing A contretemps is a small disagreement that is rather embarrassing. (LITERARY) He was briefly arrested in Rome after a contretemps with Italian police. = dispute

♦ con|trib|ute / kəntr'ɪbjuːt / (contributes contributing contributed) 1 [VERB] V to n, V n to n, also V If you contribute to something, you say or do things to help to make it successful. The three sons also contribute to the family business... He believes he has something to contribute to a discussion concerning the uprising. 2 [VERB] V n, V n to/towards n, also V To contribute money or resources to something means to give money or resources to help pay for something or to help achieve a particular purpose. The US is contributing $4 billion in loans, credits and grants... NATO officials agreed to contribute troops and equipment to such an operation if the UN Security Council asked for it. = donate ● contributor [N-COUNT] ...the largest net contributors to EU funds. 3 [VERB] V to n, V-ing If something contributes to an event or situation, it is one of the causes of it. The report says design faults in both the vessels contributed to the tra...

♦ con|tri|bu|tion / k'ɒntrɪbj'uːʃ ə n / (contributions) 1 [N-COUNT] oft N to n If you make a contribution to something, you do something to help make it successful or to produce it. He was awarded a prize for his contribution to world peace. 2 [N-COUNT] oft N of n A contribution is a sum of money that you give in order to help pay for something. This list ranked companies that make charitable contributions of a half million dollars or more. = donation 3 [N-COUNT] A contribution to a magazine, newspaper, or book is something that you write to be published in it.

con|tribu|tor / kəntr'ɪbjʊtə r / (contributors) [N-COUNT] oft N to n You can use contributor to refer to one of the causes of an event or situation, especially if that event or situation is an unpleasant one. Old buses are major contributors to pollution in British cities... see also contribute

con|tribu|tory / kəntr'ɪbjʊtəri, AM -tɔːri / [ADJ] usu ADJ n A contributory factor of a problem or accident is one of the things which caused it to exist or happen. (FORMAL) We now know that repressing anger is a contributory factor in many physical illnesses.

con|trite / kəntr'aɪt, k'ɒntraɪt / [ADJ] usu v-link ADJ If you are contrite , you are very sorry because you have done something wrong. (FORMAL) = apologetic

con|triv|ance / kəntr'aɪv ə ns / (contrivances) 1 [N-VAR] If you describe something as a contrivance , you disapprove of it because it is unnecessary and artificial. (FORMAL) They wear simple clothes and shun modern contrivances... Music with a tendency towards contrivance and lack of substance. 2 [N-COUNT] A contrivance is an unfair or dishonest scheme or trick to gain an advantage for yourself. ...some contrivance to raise prices. = ploy

con|trive / kəntr'aɪv / (contrives contriving contrived) 1 [VERB] V n If you contrive an event or situation, you succeed in making it happen, often by tricking someone. (FORMAL) The oil companies were accused of contriving a shortage of gasoline to justify price increases. 2 [VERB] V to-inf If you contrive to do something difficult, you succeed in doing it. (FORMAL) The orchestra contrived to produce some of its best playing for years.

con|trived / kəntr'aɪvd / 1 [ADJ] If you say that something someone says or does is contrived , you think it is false and deliberate, rather than natural and not planned. There was nothing contrived or calculated about what he said... It mustn't sound like a contrived compliment. = artificial ≠ spontaneous 2 [ADJ] If you say that the plot of a play, film, or novel is contrived , you mean that it is unlikely and unconvincing. The plot seems contrived.

♦♦♦ con|trol / kəntr'oʊl / (controls controlling controlled) 1 [N-UNCOUNT] oft N of/over n Control of an organization, place, or system is the power to make all the important decisions about the way that it is run. The restructuring involves Mr Ronson giving up control of the company... The first aim of his government would be to establish control over the republic's territory. [PHRASE] usu v-link PHR, usu PHR of n If you are in control of something, you have the power to make all the important decisions about the way it is run. Nobody knows who is in control of the club... In the West, people feel more in control of their own lives. [PHRASE] PHR after v, v-link PHR If something is under your control , you have the power to make all the important decisions about the way that it is run. All the newspapers were taken under government control. 2 [N-UNCOUNT] oft N of/over n If you have control of something or someone, you are able to make them d...

con|trol|lable / kəntr'oʊləb ə l / [ADJ] If something is controllable you are able to control or influence it. This makes the surfboards more controllable. ...controllable aspects of life.

con|trol|ler / kəntr'oʊlə r / (controllers) 1 [N-COUNT] oft N of n A controller is a person who has responsibility for a particular organization or for a particular part of an organization. (mainly BRIT) ...the job of controller of BBC 1. ...the financial controller of W H Smith. see also air traffic controller 2 [N-COUNT] A controller is the same as a comptroller .

♦ con|tro|ver|sial / k'ɒntrəv'ɜː r ʃ ə l / [ADJ] If you describe something or someone as controversial , you mean that they are the subject of intense public argument, disagreement, or disapproval. Immigration is a controversial issue in many countries... The changes are bound to be controversial. ● controversially [ADV] usu ADV with cl, also ADV with v More controversially, he claims that these higher profits cover the cost of finding fresh talent...

♦ con|tro|ver|sy / k'ɒntrəvɜː r si, kəntr'ɒvə r si / (controversies) [N-VAR] oft N over/about n Controversy is a lot of discussion and argument about something, often involving strong feelings of anger or disapproval. The proposed cuts have caused considerable controversy.

con|tu|sion / kəntj'uːʒ ə n, AM -t'uː- / (contusions) [N-COUNT] A contusion is a bruise . (MEDICAL)

co|nun|drum / kən'ʌndrəm / (conundrums) [N-COUNT] A conundrum is a problem or puzzle which is difficult or impossible to solve. (FORMAL) ...this theological conundrum of the existence of evil and suffering in a world created by a good God.

con|ur|ba|tion / k'ɒnə r b'eɪʃ ə n / (conurbations) [N-COUNT] A conurbation consists of a large city together with the smaller towns around it. (mainly BRIT FORMAL) ...London and all the other major conurbations.

con|va|lesce / k'ɒnvəl'es / (convalesces convalescing convalesced) [VERB] V, V from n If you are convalescing , you are resting and getting your health back after an illness or operation. (FORMAL) After two weeks, I was allowed home, where I convalesced for three months. ...those convalescing from illness or surgery. = recuperate

con|va|les|cence / k'ɒnvəl'es ə ns / [N-UNCOUNT] Convalescence is the period or process of becoming healthy and well again after an illness or operation. (FORMAL) = recuperation

con|va|les|cent / k'ɒnvəl'es ə nt / [ADJ] usu ADJ n Convalescent means relating to convalescence. (FORMAL) ...an officers' convalescent home.

con|vec|tion / kənv'ekʃ ə n / [N-UNCOUNT] Convection is the process by which heat travels through air, water, and other gases and liquids. (TECHNICAL) ...clouds which lift warm, moist air by convection high into the atmosphere.

con|vec|tor heat|er (convector heaters) [N-COUNT] A convector heater is a heater that heats a room by means of hot air.

con|vene / kənv'iːn / (convenes convening convened) [VERB] V n, V If someone convenes a meeting or conference, they arrange for it to take place. You can also say that people convene or that a meeting convenes . (FORMAL) Last August he convened a meeting of his closest advisers at Camp David... Senior officials convened in October 1991 in London.

con|ven|er / kənv'iːnə r / see convenor

con|veni|ence / kənv'iːniəns / (conveniences) 1 [N-UNCOUNT] with poss If something is done for your convenience , it is done in a way that is useful or suitable for you. He was happy to make a detour for her convenience. ...the need to put the rights of citizens above the convenience of elected officials. [PHRASE] PHR with v If something is arranged to happen at your convenience , it happens at a time which is most suitable for you. Delivery times are arranged at your convenience. 2 [N-COUNT] If you describe something as a convenience , you mean that it is very useful. Mail order is a convenience for buyers who are too busy to shop. 3 [N-COUNT] usu pl Conveniences are pieces of equipment designed to make your life easier. ...an apartment with all the modern conveniences. 4 [N-COUNT] usu supp N A public convenience is a building containing toilets which is provided in a public place for anyone to use. (BRIT FORMAL) ...the cubicles of a public ...